End Notes

Location:

1.     Godlew, Annie A New Look at the Description de Egypt

2.     Hisham K. El-Hennawy, Journal of Arachnology Vol 30, No. 2, Proceedings of the 15^th International congress of Arachnology (2002) PG. 452-453

3.     Godlew, Annie A New Look at the Description de Egypt

4.     Ibid

5.     Hisham K. El-Hennawy, Journal of Arachnology Vol 30, No. 2, Proceedings of the 15^th International congress of Arachnology (2002) PG. 452-453

6.     Godlew, Annie A New Look at the Description de Egypt

7.     Hisham K. El-Hennawy, Journal of Arachnology Vol 30, No. 2, Proceedings of the 15^th International congress of Arachnology (2002) PG. 452-453

8.     Ibid

9.     Asimov, Isaac The Egyptians. Hpughtion Mifflin Company Boston (1967)

10. Ibid

11. Hisham K. El-Hennawy, Journal of Arachnology Vol 30, No. 2, Proceedings of the 15^th International congress of Arachnology (2002) PG. 452-45

12. Stephanie Moser, Damer glazier, James E. Phillips, World Archaeology Vol 34, No.2 Community Archaeology (2002)

Great Treasure: Egyptian Cotton

            Egypt produces the highest quality of cotton, and it’s one of the most produced countries in the world since the 17^th century. (1) When the British came, the realized that the Asian countries such as China are more interested in high quality Egyptian cotton that the British products; there’s also desire of the Egyptian cotton in the Great Britain. In result, the British trading ships will always stop by Egypt and trade the Egyptian cotton. Cotton become a reason that why the British conquered Egypt.

               The British has been using Egypt as a transition port between Europe and Asia. After Napoléon of France was defeat in Russia and give up the control of Egypt, the British started planning of taking over Egypt. In the meantime, Mohammad Ali took power and made series of changes about political, military and economics from 1831 to 1883. (2) The British is unwilling to use all the military power to fight Mohammad Ali and his army; so the British untied united the Turkish to attack Egypt. After many wars between the Turkish and the Egyptians, Mohammad Ali’s power is decreasing. (3) The British took power in Egypt using its Navy in1833.  Egypt becomes an independent state established under the recognition of Egyptian independence by the Great Britain. British controlled Egyptian cabinet from 1833 to 1952, during this time, the British made many treaties with the Egyptians, included own all the cotton products.

             Egyptian cotton is one of the most important products of Egypt, because of its high quality and fame around the world, brings the fate of being wanted and conquered by other countries.

Independence of Egypt

 

            Egyptians were under the control of the British for many years. Finally, during WWI, when the British join the war, the loco Egyptian leader Saad Zaghlu took lots of power of organizing Egypt business, (1) this is first time since 1883 that there’s a Egyptian leader; people started to recognize their loco leader and started to stand up for their selves against the British.

In March to April 1919, the Egyptian required more control of their own country, also known as 1919 revolution. (2) The "Milner Commission" was sent to Egypt by the British Government to attempt to resolve the situation in 1919. During this time, more Egyptian stand up and being recognized as the leader of fighting for freedom and independence. They want to speak to the power of British and solve the situation by negotiate with the British government. The British Government approved the agreement and Egypt was asked to send mission to London to discuss a definitive treaty of being independent. (3) In 1923, the Egyptian kingdom was made based on a parliamentary system ;( 4) Saad Zaghlu was named the Prime Minister of Egypt. The British military still remain power in Egypt until 1954. (5) In Feb 28 1922, British forced to admit Egypt as independent states, but remain power or military, (6) diplomatic and many government rights to dispose.(7) Gamal Abdal Nasser took power and established Republic. In Jun 18 1953, Muhammad Naguib was named the first president of The Arab Republic of Egypt.(8) Sarwat Pasha became Prime Minister of The Arab Republic of EgyptIn Jun 1956; Last part of British army leaves Egypt(9)

            Yet, the Egyptians finally get the power back after 158 years of French and British Rules.

Why was Egypt conquered in the 18^th century?  Location.  Egypt is centrally located between Europe, Asia and Africa, and specifically valuable sea routes between Europe and Asia.  Because of its perfect geographic location, Egypt was a center of trading ships and war galleons, and the center of attention for France and Great Britain. (1&2)

Napoléon of France came to Egypt in 1798 when he was in war with the rest of the Europe. (3) He realized that every single British trading boat has to pass by Egypt in order to get to India and the rest of the Asia. He hoped to damage the British trading. Napoléon sent 40,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors to take over Egypt. (4) Egypt becomes the Ottoman province that had control of it own. (5) In fact, the British were having much harder times to get to Asia; also, the French increased their own trading by about 40% with the Middle East, India and China. (6) With the failure of the battles in Russia, Napoléon has to give up Egypt.

After Napoléon and his army leaves Egypt, Mohammad Ali took power, he made series of changes about political, military and economics from 1831 to 1883; (7) but the British wanted to control this important land of trading. In result, they united the Turkish to attack Egypt. (8) The British took power in Egypt from 1883 to 1952. (9) Egypt becomes an independent state established under the recognition of Egyptian independence by the Great Britain.  British controlled Egyptian cabinet and made dictions; they made treaties with the Egyptians of taxes, right to build railroad and limit of Egyptian military. (10) The British had their trading route back and started to trade many Egyptian cotton with the Asian countries. The British Empire wanted to expand their sea route to the Africa; after ten years of working, The Suez Canal was built in 1866 and controlled by the British. (11) The location of Egypt not only affects the trading, it also affects to wars in the future. During World War II, British used Egypt as a base for Allied operations in the African region. (12)           

In result, Egypt was conquered for many years because of its great location. Egypt specifically the valuable sea routes between Europe and Asia, it is very desirable for Great Britian, the greatest trading civilization.